Te Pūtahi o ngā Pātea me te Whakatakanga Pūtāmi: Tūtohu, Pānga, me ngā Pānga

Ko te pūtahi o ngā pātea e pā ana ki te pūtahi e wātea ana ki te pātea me te mana hapa e taea ana e te pūtahi. Ko te whakatakanga pūtāmi e whakaāhua ana i te rahi o te hiko e huri ana i te pātea i te wā e tāria ana te pātea. He mea nui te mōhio ki ēnei whāinga e rua e pā ana hei te whakamahi pūtahi, hei te tirotiro i te heke i te pūtahi, hei te kimi i te mana heke, hei te aromātai i te tīmata miihini, me te whakamahere i ngā mahi pūtahi tāpui.

Kātāloga

Te Hiko Whānui mō te Pūtahi me te Whakatakanga Pūtāmi

Ko te pūtahi o ngā pātea e mōhiotia ana e te pūtahi e pātea ana e whai ake i te pūtahi kotahi:

Z_eq = R_eq + jX_{_eq}

Ko tāna rahi:

|Z_eq| = √(R_eq² + X_eq²)

i reira:

R_eq = te patu o te pūtahi e whānui ana

X_eq = te pātea ngaro

Z_eq = te pūtahi e whānui ana e pātea ana ki te pūtahi kotahi

|Z_eq| = te rahi pūtahi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakauru pātea pānga

Me pātai katoa te rahi ki te taha pūtahi kotahi.

Pikitia 1. Te Pūtaiao Pātea me te Tauwhāinga Heke

Ko ngā rahi katoa kei te Pikitia 1 he uara e pā ana ki te paerewa tuarua, ā, kua whakakorehia te rārangi whakatō. Ko te hiko pātea heke kei te ripa jI₂X_eq.

E₂ = V₂ + I₂(R_eq + jX_eq)

i reira ko te pūtahi me te mana he pātea. Mo te mātou te rahi mana, ko V₂ te nuinga he iti iho i te E₂. Ka taea e te pātea e pātea ana te kōkiri ki te awhina pūtahi me te whakaitihia te whakatakanga.

Ko te whakatakanga pūtāmi o te pūtahi e whakaahua ana i te rahi o te pūtahi i waenga i te pātea-kore me te ahuatanga pātea kua whakaritea:

Te Whakakatanga Pūtāmi (%) = (V_NL − V_L) ÷ V_L × 100

i reira:

V_NL = pūtahi tuarua i te pātea-kore

V_L = pūtahi tuarua i te pātea kua whakaritea me te pānga mana

E whakakāhore ana te whakataurite e pā ana ki te pūtahi te mea kotahi, te pāmahana, te tuhinga, me ngā ahuatanga tōmua.

Hei tauira, ki te he pūtahi tuarua 240 V i te pātea-kore me te 230 V i te pātea:

Te Whakakatanga Pūtāmi = (240 − 230) ÷ 230 × 100

Te Whakakatanga Pūtāmi ≈ 4.35%

Ko te pūtahi o ngā pātea me te whāinga pūtāmi e pā ana, engari kaore rātou e rite ki te whāinga kotahi.

Whāinga	He aha te tohu
Te pūtahi o ngā pātea	Te rahi whānui me te pātea ngaro e whakaingoatia ana ki te mana
Te pātea pānga	Te pūtahi o ngā pātea e whakaatu ana e pā ana ki ngā uara kōwhiri
Te whāinga pūtāmi	Te huringa i te pūtahi tuarua i waenga i te pātea-kore me te ahuatanga pātea kua whakaritea

Ko te whakaritenga ngaru teitei he mea whakarei te whakawhānui o te mōrea pūoko o roto, engari ka kaha hoki te pānga ki te hiko pōkeka. Ko te whakahaere pūngao pono ka whakawhirinaki ki te hiko o te uta me te pānga pūngao.

Pūnaha Teitei me nga Kākau i Te Wāhanga

Ko te momo whakararu o te pākete e kīia ana hei % Moana. Ka puta mai i te pāmahana e hiahiatia ana hei whakawhānui i te hiko e whakaratohia ana i te wā o te whakamātautau pōkeka.

Ko te whanaungatanga matua ko:

%Z = V_SC ÷ V_rated × 100

i reira:

V_SC = pūoko pōkeka, pūoko, nāna i pātea

V_rated = te pāmahana e te tarai e mahia

Hei tauira, ki te hiahia te 400 V e 20 V hei mehua i te hiko e whakaratohia ana i te wā o te whakamātautau pōkeka:

%Z = 20 ÷ 400 × 100

%Z = 5%

Ko te pākete me te 5% kāreti e hiahiatia ana e ia te tata ki te 5% o tana pāmahana e whakaratohia ana hei whakawhānui i te hiko e whakaratohia ana i raro i te tikanga pōkeka i whakatakotoria.

Ko te putanga tuhinga ko:

Z_base = V_rated² ÷ S_rated

Ko te pūoko e pā ana ki te:

|Z_eq| = (%Z ÷ 100) × Z_base

Mo te pākete toru-pātea, e whakamahi ana i te pūoko toru-pātea o nāu, me te pāmahana rārangi ki te rārangi:

Z_base = V_LL² ÷ S_3φ

Ko te hiko rārangi e pa ana ki te:

I_rated = S_3φ ÷ (√3 × V_LL)

Ko te pāmahana, pūoko, me te pūoko me kī e tatau ana ki ngā whakaritenga e hiahiatia ana i te taha pākete.

Te whānuitanga o ngā pūoko parahita ki ngā pūoko iti

Tohu	Äpōpō $Z	Te tohu %Z
Whakarato pūoko pāmai	Ānō	Teitei
Whakahaere te pūoko rārangi	I ngā mea pai	I ngā mea whakahawea
Ko te wāhi hiko tūhono e wātea ana	Teitei	Ānō
Te whakamaru i te hiko pōkeka	Ānō	Teitei
Te mahi haumaru	Ka taea teitei	Ka taea te iti

Kāore he uara pūoko teitei, he iti e ngahau. Ko te wātea e hiahiatia ana e pa ana ki ngā whakaritenga hiko, te hihi hiko, te pūtaiao o te utaina, me ngā whakaritenga tiaki .

Ko te Hiko Pūoko i te Momo pūoko

Ka taea te whakamahi i te pūoko % e pa ana ki ngā hiko tāpiri:

I_SC,sym ≈ I_rated × 100 ÷ %Z

Ka tirohia tēnei tohu ki te hiko angitu matua i te wā o te katahīrā e pā ki te pākete i te wā e mahi ana te hiko e kiī ana hei pāka.

Ka pouri e pā ana ki te hiko kawea, te pūmau matua, te mana.

Mo te pākete me te 5% pūoko:

I_SC,sym ≈ I_rated × 100 ÷ 5

I_SC,sym ≈ 20 × I_rated

Mēnā ko te hiko rārangi pāmahana e 100 A:

I_SC,sym ≈ 100 × 20

I_SC,sym ≈ 2,000 A

Ko tēnei he whakaata kē hei pātae ki te pokanga e pā ana ki te rārangi pākete. Ko te pākanga hangarua me te pātai pūoko, me te pūhoko me te pūoko e wātea ana i te pāoho, ngā pākete, me te pūoko pūoko e hiahiatia ana. Ka korero a Eaton mo te pūoko e neke nei ka puta te kaha o te hiko.

Te Uta, Te Pānga Pūngao, me te Whakahaere

Ko te whakahaere pūngao e pā ana ki te pāka pākete, te whakaroa ngaru, te uhi, me te hiko pūngao.

Ka taea te tahuri i te aha ma te:

%X = √(%Z² − %R²)

Ko te huka huka ko:

k = I_load ÷ I_rated

Mo te pānga pākete:

%VR ≈ k(%R cos φ + %X sin φ)

Mo te pānga te-pāhi:

%VR ≈ k(%R cos φ − %X sin φ)

i reira:

%R = te ngaru ki te pākete

%X = te ngaru ki te pūoko

φ = te pākaiti o te uta

k = I_load ÷ I_rated

Tauira mahi

Mo:

%Z = 5.0%

%R = 1.5%

Te pānga pūngao = 0.8

Ko te ngaru ki te pūoko ko:

%X = √(5.0² − 1.5²)

%X ≈ 4.77%

I te uta katoa me te 0.8 te pāhna:

%VR ≈ 1.5(0.8) + 4.77(0.6)

%VR ≈ 4.06%

I te 0.8 pānga te-pāhi:

%VR ≈ 1.5(0.8) − 4.77(0.6)

%VR ≈ −1.66%

Ko te Tikanga Uta	Ko te Rauemi He Mōrea
Uta māmā	Ko te Whakahaere Pūoko taputapu
Uta pakari	Ka whakatutuki ki te rynku hui
Uta hinga ngxu	Ko te whakaheke-ā-nuku e pākī ana i te whakaheke voltage
Te rahi capacitance e ārahi ana	Ka taea e te āhuatanga reactive te whakaiti i te whakaheke voltage
Te hiko tiimata nui o te mīhini motuhake	Ka taea te āwhina i te whakaheke voltage tuatoru mō te wā poto

Ka taea te rahi e ārahi ana te whakaputa i te whakahaere voltage kino, i reira ko te voltage mahitia i te tuatoru kei runga ake i te tohu pūmau.

Whakamātautau Kāti-ā-Tāhū

Ko te whakaahua 2. Te Huitahi Whakamātautau Kāti mō te Uku Impedance me te Ngāwhā Tika i te Auau Māngai

Ko te ammeter e whakaatu ana i te hiko nama o te wāhanga hiko. Ko te wāhanga kotahi, ka mōhiotia hei wāhanga hiko, i te mea ko te atu te wāhanga kati.

%Z = V_SC ÷ V_rated,energized × 100

Ka taea te whakawātea i te urupare transformer i te whakamahi i te whakamātautau kati.

Kotahi te wāhanga e kati ana, i te mea ka whakamahia he voltage whakarite iti ki te wāhanga hiko. Ka piki te voltage tae atu ki te hiko nama e rere ana. I te mea kei te kati te wāhanga kotahi, ka tino iti te pānga o te voltage e hiahiatia ana.

Ko te tikanga whakangāwari he:

Kati te wāhanga transformer i kōwhirihia mā te whakamahi i te hono tika te reiti.

Tākina he voltage whakarite iti ki te wāhanga hiko.

Piki te voltage gradually tae atu ki te hiko nama e rere ana i te wāhanga hiko.

Tirohia te voltage i whakamahia.

Whakarite te urupare%.

Hei tauira:

Voltage mahitahi i te wāhanga hiko = 480 V

Voltage kati i te hiko nama e rere ana = 28.8 V

%Z = 28.8 ÷ 480 × 100

%Z = 6%

Me whakamahi te whakamātautau i ngā taputapu, ngā conductor, te tiaki, me ngā tikanga e tika ana i te mea e mau ana te hiko nama i te wāhanga ahakoa he iti te voltage i whakamahia.

Te Kōwhiringa Transformer, Tiimata Mīhini, me te Whakahaere Pātea

Me whakamātautau te impedance transformer hei wāhanga o te pūnaha hiko katoa, kaua hei uūe i te uara ingoa anake.

Tirohanga Kōwhiri	He aha te Me Tirohia
kVA transformer	Te uta ā-tonu me te pā mai i te piki tihi e mōhiotia ana
Percentage impedance	%Z kua whakaritihia e te kaiwhakanao me te tolerans e hāngai ana
Voltage tuatoru	Ko te voltage e whakaaetia ana i te uta noa me te nui
Hiko hapa	Hiko hapa pea i ngā kāwai ki ngā tāhū transformer
Te whakaritanga o te puhera	Te āhua e tika ana te whakarunga me te kaha tohe
Te whakawhitinga tiaki	Whakahaere fuse me breaker i ngā hiko hapa e mōhiotia ana
Te pā o te hiko uta	Te hihiri, inductive, vā me tēnā e hangai ana
Te tiimata mīhini	Te whakaheke voltage mō te kāinga
Whakahaere Pātea	Te ratio voltage, te whanaungatanga āpiti, te impedance, me te tiri uta
Te impedance feeder	Te taurangi voltage tīoke me te busbar
Ngā uta e pa ana ki te voltage	Te voltage taputapu e tika ana i te iti me te teitei

Ngā Transformer Pātea

Me whai wāhi ngā transformer e whakahaere ana i ngā pātea ki ngā ratio voltage, te pā o te āpiti, me ngā āhuatanga impedance e tu ana.

Mēnā kei te rerekē ngā % impedance o te transformer e rua, ka pēnā te unit iti te impedance ki te kawe i te pānga nui o te uta. Ka taea e ia te paingia tatou i mua i te whiwhinga i te hiko ūnua o te transformer teitei te impedance.

Ka taea e ngā transformer e rerekē ana ngā tahua kVA te whakahaere i ngā pātea ina e tautuhia ngā ratio voltage, te pā o te āpiti, nāna pea ngā % impedance me ngā whakaritenga pātea e tuku ana i te tohatoha uta e āhei ana.

Ngā Mīhini me ngā Uta Tīmata Nui

Ka taea e te tiimata mīhini te tāpiri i ngā wa e maha o te hiko pātea i runga i te transformer mō te wā poto.

Ko te hiko e rere ana i te hiko transformer me te impedance feeder ka taea te pā ki te whakaheke voltage nui mō te wā poto.

Mō ngā uta mīhini, tirohia:

Te hiko tīmata, te whakaheke voltage, te pūtake mīhini, te wā pīnono, me te uta transformer.

Ko te transformer he pai mō te hiko pātea e rima ana ka taea tonu te whakaputa i te whakaheke voltage kāore e whakaaetia ana i te tiimata.

Te Whakamātautau me te Whakaora

Ko nga raru e pā ana ki te impedance transformer ka rewa mai hei whakaheke nui i te voltage, te tiimata mīhini e hiahiatia ana, ngā taumata hiko hapa e kore e mōhiotia ana, i te huri kāore e tu tika ana te uta i waenga i ngā transformer pātea.

Tohu	Ka tūtohu mātua	Tūtohinga Tirohia
Ka teitei rawa te whakaheke voltage i te uta	Te impedance teitei, te uta, te pā iti	Me nui te whakanui i te voltage te whakawheto mua me te tuatoru
Ka uaua te tiimata mīhini	Te whakaheke voltage e hoko ana	Tīpako te voltage tuatoru i te tiimata.
He nui ake te hiko hapa i te whakaaro	Ko te %Z πραγματική he iti ake i te mea i whakaaro mai, kātahi ka kaha ake te puna i te mea i whakaaro mai	Tirohia te raraunga o te whakatipuranga me te taatai hiko hapa
He iti iho te hiko hapa i te whakaaro	He puna, he kōhua, he ripa, he haerenga atu	Tirohia te huarahi hiko katoa
Te uta hiko o te whakatipuranga i te rāhui	He rahi tauira i ngā utu hiko, he rahi ākonga	Tirohia ngā tohutohu mo te whakatipuranga me ngā raraunga whakamātautau
Ko te voltage pai i te whakatipuranga engari he iti i ngā taputapu	Ko te tūpono hiko i te kāwai	Me whakawātea te voltage i ngā wāhi e rua i raro i te yük
Ka rerekē ngā putanga i te kaha hiko tākai	Te pakaru haumanuka i te hiko	Me whakawātea te hiko me te tākai hiko
Ka pāna te whakatipuranga	Te uta teitei, ngā ahumahi, he nui te pāmahana, he ngaro kaihoko	Tirohia te hiko, pāmahana, ngā ahumahi, me te hau

Whakararu te hinga whakahuri mai i te hinga kāwai

Kaore e pā ana te iti hiko i te yük ki te pā ki te whakatipuranga koha he kore.

Ko ētahi atu take pea ko ngā kaiwhakahaere iti, he pātene pūoko roa, ngā tūwhā ki te pupuri, ngā hono teitei te pāmahana, te hiko tuatahi iti, ngā waahi tapahi he hē, ngā kāwai tāki, he whakarite kore e hāngai ana ki te toru-fāte.

Me whakawātea te hiko i ngā porotaka tuarua o te whakatipuranga me te yük tūturu i te wā e rere ana te hiko. Ka awhina tēnei ki te wehewehe i te ngā rerekētanga whakatipuranga mai i te tono hiko teitei.

Tirohia te Impedance Kaipūtea I mua i te Pānga Hapa

Kaua e whakaarohia he pānga rika paerewa i te taatai i te hiko hapatanga e wātea ana. Whakamahia te whakamōhio whakatapua, ngā raraunga kaiwhakanao, rānei te uara whakamātautau kua whakaritea i nga wā katoa e taea ana.

Ko te pūrongo hiko hāngai me kī hoki ngā pānga puna, ngā pānga kaiwhakahaere, ngā pākete, te tautoko i te miihini, te hiko whakamahinga, te heke o te impedance whakatipuranga, me te rahinga X/R.

Whakamutunga

Ko te impedance o te whakatipuranga e tohu ana i te pāmahana tino me te teitei hiko e whakamāmā ana i te hiko me te aukati i te hiko hapa. Ko te %Z he huarahi whakamāmā ki te whakaputa i ngā rahi, i te mea ko te whakahaere hiko e whakaatu ana i te pehea e rerekē ana te hiko tuturu i ngā utu kua whakaritihia me te tākai hiko. Ka whakatairanga te iti o te impedance i te whakawhiti hiko, engari ka whakapiki te hiko hapa pea. Nā reira, ko te whiriwhiri i te whakatipuranga tika e hiahia ana ki te whakaaro ki te %Z, te whakahaere hiko, te tākai hiko, te tīmata miihini, ngā taumata hiko hapa, te mahi i te ipurangi, me ngā whakaritenga tiaki.